Phytochemical Active Compound its Biological sources and uses of Herbal Medicines for Constipation - Review

Sonia Singh Thakur, Gamini Sahu, Shruti Parakh, Indu Sahu, Kavita Sen, Mansi Chandel

Apollo College of Pharmacy Angora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: soniathakur92@gmail.com, gaminisahu157@gmail.com, Dollyjain696@gmail.com, sahuindu34@gmail.com, Senkavita077@gmail.com, mansichandel65@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Medicinal plant-derived compounds with pharmacological activity have been utilized for centuries in traditional medical systems, frequently with claims of effectiveness in treating gastrointestinal diseases. Numerous pharmacological characteristics, including laxative effects, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic actions, and modification of gastrointestinal motility, are possessed by these plant chemical compounds. Numerous chemical groups, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, lipids, phenols, saponins, tannins, fatty acids, and volatile oils, are responsible for this activity. Nevertheless, even though they are widely used, using herbal medicines as therapeutic interventions for illnesses carries specific inherent hazards. The possibility of negative interactions with prescription drugs also affects the safety profile of using herbal treatments. Prescription and herbal medicines may interact, changing how they are metabolized, distributed, or excreted.

KEYWORDS: Constipation, Herbal plants, GIT, Bioactives.

INTRODUCTION:

Constipation is linked to significant financial costs for the nation and its patients. Numerous variables, including medications, food, neurological or metabolic abnormalities, psychosocial factors, and issues with intestinal motility and feces, can contribute to constipation. Healthy individuals and others who suffer from constipation have different gut microbial structures. Constipation is a result of an imbalance in gut bacteria, and intestinal flora dysbiosis is a sign of constipation¹.

Patient Based on self-reported symptoms and the lack of anatomical gastrointestinal abnormalities, chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) is a common functional gastrointestinal condition². Constipation was present in 2% to 34% of people. In summary, the disparate understandings of constipation, its symptoms, and its treatment outcomes resulted in disparate prevalence rates, classifications, and treatment outcomes³.

Constipation was present in 2% to 34% of people. Essentially, the inconsistent knowledge of constipation, its symptoms, and the diagnosis and management of constipation by Chinese clinical physicians resulted in disparate prevalence rates, classifications, and treatment outcomes. Generally speaking, they comprise 0.7% of 29.6% of children and 2%–35% of adults inEurope⁴. Chronic constipation's frequency in North America Due to variations in the diagnostic criteria, the percentage of patients with chronic constipation varies between 2% and 27%. In the United States, 2.5 million visits are made annually for constipation consultations.

Due to their ability to accelerate or induce feces, laxatives are frequently used to treat constipation. A digestive issue that can affect people of all ages, including older people and children, is constipation. Constant difficulty in bowel movements, reduced frequency of bowel movements, dry and firm stools, and painful bowel movements are clinical signs of constipation. Constipation has physiological effects like hemorrhoids, anal fissures, colon cancer, irritable bowel syndrome, and the builup of intestinal toxins, still it also generates psychological stress that can lower one's quality of life⁵.

Diarrhea can be caused by laxatives like magnesium sulfate and dietary components including cellulose, sorbitol, and olestra that have a strong laxative capacity. However, there is more research on the use of natural substances to prevent or treat constipation as a result of the growing trend of people seeking to ingest natural ingredients, such as therapeutic foods and herbalplants. The mechanisms of polysaccharides from different plant parts clarified the fallacy that consuming polysaccharides might relieve constipation by acting as a laxative. Lactulose, polyethylene glycol, linaclotide, lubiprostone, bisacodyl, prucalopride, tegaserod, and other medications are examples of common medications⁶.

Mechanism of action of drugs used in constipation - The way that anticonstipation medications work is Every purgative raises the feces' water content by keeping water and electrolytes in the intestinal lumen, a hydrophilic or osmotic action increases the volume of colonic content and facilitates easy propulsion. Intestinal transit is indirectly improved by the fluid bulk, which acts on the intestinal mucosa to reduce net absorption of water and electrolytes. As a side impact, increasing propulsive activity reduces the time needed for water and salt absorption. Laxatives alter the mucosal cell's fluid dynamics, which can lead to flujd buildup in the gut through one or more of the following mechanisms: Na+K+AT InhibitionWater and electrolyte absorption are hampered by the passage of villous cells. boosting the production of water and electrolytes by activating adenylyl cyclase in crypt cells. improving the 111ucosa's PG production, which raises secretion. boosting NO production, which promotes secretion and prevents colon non-propulsive contractions. structural damage to the intestinal mucosa cells that absorb In India many plants are used to treat constipation which a widespread, pervasive, prevalent problem suffered by many people in India^7,8.

Table no: 1 list of plants used in constipation

Sr. No	Biological Name	Image	Drug Name	Family	Biological Source	ChemicalConstituent	Use	Ref.
1	Chia seed		Saliva hispanica	Lamiaceae	Source seed	Monounsaturated Stigmasterol	Anti constipation	9
2	Khakeshir		Descurainai Sophia L.	Baraceae	Prantle seed	Flavonoids, Terphanoids Alkaloids	Anti constipation	10
3	Isabgol		Plantago ovate	Plantaginaceae	Plantago Ovate plant	Fatty oil, albuminous Matter, mucilage	Anti constipation	11
4	Torshak		Rumex pulcher	Polygenaceae	Root	Bulk plum, dried plum	Anti constipation	12
5	Ghodoumeh		Alyssum spp.	Brassicaceae	Leaf, seed	Lobularia, maritime sweet alyssum	Anti constipation	13
6	Rivas		Rhum tibes	Polygonaceae	Steam, leaves	Dichloromethane   Sitosterol fatty acid	Anti constipation	14
7	Esfarzeh		Plantago major L.	Plantagenaceae	Flower	Lipid, Polysaccharides Protein, peptides	Anti constipation	15
8	Shekartiqal		Echionps   persicus	Asteraceae	Flower	Tannins, anthocyanins, phenol	Anti constipation	16
9	Chayekouhi		Stachys lavandulifolia	Lemnaceae	Flowering	Germacrene-D, thymol, a pinene	Anti constipation	17
10	Golekhatmi		Alcea spp.	Malvaceous	flowering	Steroid, saponin, dihydrophenanthrene	Anti constipation	18
11	Barhang		Plantago major	Plantaginaceae	seed	Polysaccharides, Vitamin, iridoid, Glycosides, Phenolic acid	Anti constipation	19
12	Banana		Musa	Musaceae	Fruit	carotenoids	Constipation	20
13	Grapes		Vitis vinifera	Vitaceae	Fruit	Peptides, protein ammonium	Constipation	21
14	Castor oil		Ricinus communis	Euphorbiaceae	seed	Ricinoleoic, oleic Stearic, pollmitic	Constipation	22
15	Ginger		Zingiber officinale	Zingibaraceae	Steam Flower	Gingirols, shogools, parasols	Constipation	23
16	Shirin bayan		Glacyrrhiza glabra	Fabaceae	Flower	Isoflavonoids, Glycyrrhizin, Isoliquritin	Constipation	24
17	Espand		Peganum harmala	Zygophyllaceae	Seed, leaf	Alkaloid, Bcarbolines Harmol, harmine	Constipation	25
18	Pefteye kouhi		Pistachia Atlanta Desf.	Anacardiaceae	Fruit	Protein, fiber, fatty acid	Constipation	26
19	Jahir		Prangos ferulaceous	Apiaceae	Flower, leaves	Flavonoid, saponin Tannin, terpenoids	Anti constipation	27
20	Basil		Ocimum Basilicum	Lamiaceae	Leaves	Methyl, caryophyllene, germacrene	Constipation	28
21	Senna		Cassia Senna.L	Leguminosae	Dried leaf	Calcium, glycosides Oxalate, resin	Laxative	29
22	Cascara sagrada		Frangula Purshiana	Rhamanaceae	Dried bark	Anthracenes, emodins, syringic acid	FDA laxative	30
23	Coconut		Cocos nucifera	Arecaceae	A Dried solid part the endosperm	Calcium, iron, phenol protein	Hair oil cosmetic	31
24	Kiwi		Actinidia deliciosa	Acitidiaceae	Woody Vine and edible fruit	Catechin, chlorogenic, phenol, caffeic	constipation	32
25	Aloe Vera		Aloe vera	Asphodelaceae	Juice aloevera	Anthraquinone Coumarins, lipid coumarins	Diabetes Gum disease	33
26	Walnuts		Juglans Regia	Juglandaceace	Seeds	Mult unsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates	Sound Sleep Reduce stress level	34
27	Fennel		Foeniculum vulgare mill	Umbelliferae	Dried ripe fruit	Volatile oil, anethole fenchone	Blood pressure	35
28	Guar gum		Cyamopsis tetragonoloba	Fabaceae	Seed	Exopolysaccharide Galactose Mannose	Constipation	36
29	Manna		Fraxinus Ornus	Oleaceae	Bark	D-mannitol Xanthan gum D-glucosyl uronic.	Constipation	37
30	Agar		Agarose	Gracilariaceae	Gelatinous	Agarose D-glactose, lactose Nitrogen	Constipation	38
31	Bael		Aegale marmelos Carr	Rutaceae	Fruit	Coumarin Psoralen Marmelosin	Constipation	39
32	Fenugreek		Trigonella Foenum Grace	Fabaceae	Seed	Mucilage Saponin Fixed oil	Constipation	40
33	Carrot		Daucus carota	Apiaceae	Biennial herb	Protein Carbohydrate Crude fiber	Constipation	41
34	Amla powder		Emblica Officinalis	Euphobiaceae	Fruit	Gallic acid Ascorbic acid Phylleumbein acid	Constipation	42
35	Onion powder		Allium cepa	Amaryllidaceae	Fruit	Volatile oil Flavonoid Phenolic acid	Pneumonia Chest cold	43
36	Coffee Seed		Coffea arabica	Rubiaceae	Seed	Tannin Caffeine Fixed oil	Blood Sugar Digestive	44
37	Ajwain		Trachyspermum Ammi	Umbellifera	Fruit	Thymol Hydroxyl group Terpenoid	Indegestion Gas	45
38	Papaya		Carica papaya	Caricaceae	Leaves fruit	Carpaines Glucosinolates Latex papain	Immune system Inflammation	46
39	Chirata		Swertia chirata	Gentianaceae	Entire herb	Bitterglycoside Amarogenitin Ophelic acid	Anti-tumor Anti-microbial	47
40	Chicory		Cichorium intybus	Asteraceae	Root leaves	Inulin Bitter compound Chicoric acid	Digestive Constipation	48
41	Orientale Current		Ribes orientale	Grossulariaceae	Leaves Steam	Flavonoid Organic acid Vitamin C	Antioxidant Digestive	49
42	Black throne		Prunus spinosa L.	Rosaceae	Fruit	Vitamin C Organic acid Anthocyanins	Diarrhea Inflammation	50
43	Stinging nettle		Urtica dioica L.	Urticaceae	Leaves	Mineral Formic acid Vitamin	Diuretic Skin care	51
44	Pallas’s Buckthorn		Rhamnus Pallssi fish	Rhamnaceae	Fruit	Flavonoid Saponin Tannin	Laxative Constipation	52
45	Scoparia  Worm Wood		Artemisia Scoparia	Asteraceae	Shoot	Essential oil Flavonoid Tari terpenoid	Antimicrobial Diuretic	53
46	White mulberry		Morus alba	Moraceae	Leaves	Flavonoid Alkaoid Sterol	Neuro protective Hepato protactive	54
47	Damask Rose		Rosa damascene	Rosaceae	Flower	Vitamin C Essential oil Flavonoid	Anti -inflammatory Respiratory	55
48	Spanish Rocket		Erucarica hispanica Druce	Brassicaceae	Seed	Phenolic compound Flavonoid Glucosinolates	Anticancer	56
49	Beetroot		Beta vulgaris	Chenopodiaceae	Juice powder	Carbohydrates Sucrose Glucose	Improve blood flow Laxative	57
50	Dwarf elder		Sambucus Ebulus	Adoxaceae	Root, fruit	Flavonoid Lectin Anthocyanins Cyanogenic glycosides	Diuretic Antioxidant	58
51	Broad Leaves Sprindle		Euonymus Latifolia	Celastraceae	Bark Fruit	Alkaloid Fatty acid Tannin	Laxative Constipation	59
52	Mallow		Malva sylvestrisL.	Malvaceae	Aerial part	Mucilage Flavonoid Tannin	Respiratory relief Digestive Skincare	60
53	Bitter Apple		Citrullus colocynthis	Cucurbitaceae	Seed	Colocythin Alkaloid Saponin Fatty acid	Anti- inflammatory Antimicrobial Antidiabetes	61
54	Jujuba		Ziziphus jujuba mill.	Rhamnaceae	Fruit	Saponin Polysaccharides Alkaloid	Sedative Immune boosting Antioxidant	62
55	Mustard		Sinaps alaba L.	Brassicaceae	Seed	Glucosinolate Isothiocynates Fixed oil Protein	Expectorant Digestive Anti-inflammatory	63
56	Black mustard		Sinaps nigra L.	Brassicaceae	Seed	Protein Glucosinolate Saponin	Anti inflammatory Digestive	64
57	Sunflower		Helianthus annus L.	Asteraceae	Steam Leaves	Oil Vitamin Flavonoid	Cardiovascular Antioxidant	65
58	Bindweed		Convolvulus arvensis L.	Convolvulaceae	All organ	Saponin Tannin Alkaloid	Ulcer Digestive	66
59	Flax		Linum usittissimum L.	Linaceae	Seed	Fiber Protein Alpha linolenic acid	Hormonal balance Digestive	67
60	Fig tree		Ficus carica L.	Moraceae	Fruit	Mineral Sugar Fiber	Skincare Antioxidant	68

CONCLUSION:

Important medicinal herbs for the prevention and treatment of constipation are discussed in this review article. These plants' active compounds may be used to cure constipation, and they can also be used to make new medications. Future research should concentrate on categorizing herbal laxatives according to how they relieve constipation.

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Received on 23.08.2025      Revised on 08.10.2025

Accepted on 17.11.2025   Published on 31.01.2026

Available online from February 07, 2026

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2026; 18(1):79-87.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2026.00012

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